Urine Test Report: Normal Range & How to Read It
A urine routine test looks at how your urine looks, the substances in it and the cells seen under a microscope. Each line has its normal value printed beside it.
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What a urine test checks
How it looks
Colour, clarity, pH and specific gravity.
What is in it
Substances that are usually absent, such as sugar, protein and ketones.
Under the microscope
Cells and crystals, such as pus cells and epithelial cells.
Urine test normal values
Labs differ a little. Always compare with the range printed on your report.
| Test | Normal result | Unit | What it tells you |
|---|---|---|---|
| How it looks | |||
| Colour | Pale yellow | Darker when you drink less water. | |
| Appearance | Clear | Cloudy urine has many possible causes. | |
| pH | 4.5–8.0 | How acidic the urine is. | |
| Specific gravity | 1.005–1.030 | How concentrated the urine is. | |
| What is in it | |||
| Protein | Nil | Usually absent in a routine test. | |
| Sugar (glucose) | Nil | Can show when blood sugar is high. | |
| Ketones | Nil | Can show after a long fast. | |
| Under the microscope | |||
| Pus cells | 0–5 | per HPF | White blood cells. Your doctor checks higher counts. |
| Epithelial cells | 0–5 | per HPF | Cells from the lining of the urinary tract. |
| Casts | 0–2 | per LPF | Tiny tube-shaped particles formed in the kidney. |
| Crystals | Nil or few | per HPF | Often linked to diet and water intake. |
| Bacteria | Nil | Usually absent in a clean sample. | |
Ranges from the NirogGyan biomarker library. Updated .
What a urine report looks like
The same results in the usual lab layout, and as a NirogGyan Smart Report.
Numbers and ranges in rows
Each value on our report slider
How to read your urine report
Check your details
Note the sample type and the date it was collected.
Find your result
Each line shows what the lab found in your sample.
Compare with the normal value
The range column shows the usual result, such as Nil or 0–5.
Look for flags
A flag marks a line outside the normal value. Your doctor reads what it means.
Urine report questions
What is normal in a urine routine report?
Pale yellow and clear urine, no sugar or protein, and only a few pus cells or epithelial cells. Your report prints the normal value next to each line.
What does nil or absent mean on a urine report?
It means the lab did not find that substance in your sample. For sugar, protein and ketones, nil is the usual result.
How many pus cells in urine are normal?
Many labs treat 0 to 5 pus cells per high power field as normal. Check the range printed on your own report.
Should I give the first morning urine?
Many labs prefer a midstream sample of the first morning urine because it is more concentrated. Follow the instructions your lab gives you.
Can periods affect a urine test?
Yes. Blood from a period can show up as red blood cells in the sample. Tell the lab if you have your period on the test day.
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Upload your reportThis page explains how to read a lab report. It does not replace advice from your doctor. All sample values are made up.